Dẫn nguồn Sumer

  1. 1 2 “Sumerian Questions and Answers”. Sumerian.org. Truy cập ngày 29 tháng 3 năm 2012. 
  2. ↑ J. S. Cooper dans Sumer & 1999-2002, col. 78-82. Black et al. 2004.
  3. ↑ B. Lafont dans Sumer & 1999-2002, col. 151-153.
  4. ↑ W. Hallo, W. Simpson (1971). The Ancient Near East. New York: Harcourt, Brace, Jovanovich. tr. 28. 
  5. ↑ Diakonoff, I. M.; D'I︠A︡konov, Igor' Mik︠h︡aílovich (1991). Early Antiquity (bằng tiếng Anh). University of Chicago Press. tr. 72. ISBN 978-0-226-14465-8. 
  6. 1 2 K. van der Toorn, P. W. van der Horst (tháng 1 năm 1990). “Nimrod before and after the Bible”. The Harvard Theological Review 83 (1): 1–29. 
  7. ↑ The Chicago Assyrian Dictionary, vol. 17, Š part III, 1992, p. 273-274
  8. ↑ P. Sanlaville; R. Dalongeville (2005). “L'évolution des espaces littoraux du golfe Persique et du golfe d'Oman depuis la phase finale de la transgression post-glaciaire”. Paléorient (bằng tiếng Pháp) 31 (1): 9-26.  Kiểm tra giá trị ngày tháng trong: |accessdate= (trợ giúp); ||ngày truy cập= cần |url= (trợ giúp).
  9. ↑ J.-L. Huot dans Sumer & 1999-2002, col. 98-99. (tiếng Anh) J. R. Pournelle, « Physical Geography », dans Crawford (dir.) 2013. Pour une présentation plus développée des traits géographiques de cette région à l'époque contemporaine, correspondant sans doute en gros à ceux de la période antique, voir P. Sanlaville, Le Moyen-Orient arabe, Le milieu et l'homme, Paris, 2000, tr. 101-103 et 183-187.
  10. ↑ D. O. Edzard (2003). Sumerian Grammar (bằng tiếng Anh). Leyde. , est la meilleure synthèse parue à ce jour sur l'état des connaissances de cette langue. L'article (tiếng Anh) P. Michalowski, « Sumerian », dans R. D. Woodard (dir.), The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the World's Ancient Languages, Cambridge, 2004, tr. 19–59 propose une présentation plus concise. Voir aussi B. Lafont, « Introduction au sumérien », dans Lalies 31, 2011, tr. 95-176.
  11. ↑ Th. Jacobsen (1939). “The Assumed Conflict between Sumerians and Semites in Early Mesopotamian History”. Journal of the American Oriental Society (bằng tiếng Anh) 59 (4): 485-495.  Kiểm tra giá trị ngày tháng trong: |accessdate= (trợ giúp); ||ngày truy cập= cần |url= (trợ giúp). Black et al. 2004.
  12. 1 2 Black et al. 2004.
  13. ↑ B. Lafont dans Sumer & 1999-2002, col. 149-151.
  14. ↑ M.-J. Seux dans Sumer & 1999-2002, col. 349-352.
  15. 1 2 3 Kramer, Samuel Noah (1988). In the World of Sumer: An Autobiography. Wayne State University Press. tr. 44. ISBN 9780814321218. 
  16. 1 2 “Ancient Mesopotamia. Teaching materials”. Oriental Institute in collaboration with Chicago Web Docent and eCUIP, The Digital Library. Truy cập ngày 5 tháng 3 năm 2015. 
  17. 1 2 "The Ubaid Period (5500–4000 B.C.)" In Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. Department of Ancient Near Eastern Art. The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York (October 2003)
  18. 1 2 “"Ubaid Culture", The British Museum”. 
  19. 1 2 “"Beyond the Ubaid", (Carter, Rober A. and Graham, Philip, eds.), University of Durham, April 2006” (PDF). 
  20. ↑ Karen Rhea Nemet-Nejat (ngày 30 tháng 9 năm 1998). Daily life in ancient Mesopotamia. Greenwood Publishing Group. tr. 13. ISBN 978-0-313-29497-6. Truy cập ngày 29 tháng 11 năm 2011. 
  21. 1 2 Leick, Gwendolyn (2003), "Mesopotamia, the Invention of the City" (Penguin)
  22. ↑ Arnaiz-Villena, Antonio; Martínez-Laso, Jorge; Gómez-Casado, Eduardo (31 tháng 1 năm 2000). Prehistoric Iberia: Genetics, Anthropology, and Linguistics: [proceedings of an International Conference on Prehistoric Iberia: Genetics, Anthropology, and Linguistics, Held November 16-17, 1998, in Madrid, Spain]. Springer Science & Business Media. tr. 22. ISBN 9780306463648. 
  23. ↑ "Craniometric analyses have suggested an affinity between the Natufians and populations of north or sub-Saharan Africa, a result that finds some support from Y chromosome analysis which shows that the Natufians and successor Levantine Neolithic populations carried haplogroup E, of likely ultimate African origin, which has not been detected in other ancient males from West Eurasia. However, no affinity of Natufians to sub-Saharan Africans is evident in our genome-wide analysis, as present-day sub-Saharan Africans do not share more alleles with Natufians than with other ancient Eurasians" in Reich, David; Pinhasi, Ron; Patterson, Nick; Hovhannisyan, Nelli A.; Yengo, Loic; Wilson, James F.; Torroni, Antonio; Tönjes, Anke; Stumvoll, Michael (tháng 8 năm 2016). “Genomic insights into the origin of farming in the ancient Near East”. Nature 536 (7617): 419–424. Bibcode:2016Natur.536..419L. ISSN 1476-4687. PMC 5003663. doi:10.1038/nature19310. 
  24. ↑ Płoszaj, Tomasz; Chaubey, Gyaneshwer; Jędrychowska-Dańska, Krystyna; Tomczyk, Jacek; Witas, Henryk W. (11 tháng 9 năm 2013). “mtDNA from the Early Bronze Age to the Roman Period Suggests a Genetic Link between the Indian Subcontinent and Mesopotamian Cradle of Civilization”. PLOS ONE (bằng tiếng Anh) 8 (9): 1–20. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 3770703. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0073682. 
  25. 1 2 “Sumer (ancient region, Iraq)”. Britannica Online Encyclopedia. Britannica.com. Truy cập ngày 29 tháng 3 năm 2012. 
  26. ↑ Kleniewski, Nancy; Thomas, Alexander R (ngày 26 tháng 3 năm 2010). “Cities, Change, and Conflict: A Political Economy of Urban Life”. ISBN 978-0-495-81222-7. 
  27. ↑ Maisels, Charles Keith (1993). “The Near East: Archaeology in the "Cradle of Civilization"”. ISBN 978-0-415-04742-5. 
  28. ↑ Maisels, Charles Keith (2001). “Early Civilizations of the Old World: The Formative Histories of Egypt, the Levant, Mesopotamia, India and China”. ISBN 978-0-415-10976-5. 
  29. ↑ Shaw, Ian; Jameson, Robert (2002). “A dictionary of archaeology”. ISBN 978-0-631-23583-5. 
  30. ↑ Margarethe Uepermann (2007), "Structuring the Late Stone Age of Southeastern Arabia" (Arabian Archaeology and Epigraphy Arabian Archaeology and Epigraphy Volume 3, Issue 2, pages 65–109)
  31. ↑ Hamblin, Dora Jane (tháng 5 năm 1987). “Has the Garden of Eden been located at last?” (PDF). Smithsonian Magazine 18 (2). Bản gốc (PDF) lưu trữ ngày 9 tháng 1 năm 2014. Truy cập ngày 8 tháng 1 năm 2014. 
  32. ↑ Stanley A. Freed, Research Pitfalls as a Result of the Restoration of Museum Specimens, Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, Volume 376, The Research Potential of Anthropological Museum Collections pages 229–245, December 1981.
  33. ↑ Wolkstein, Dianna and Kramer, Samuel Noah "Innana: Queen of Heaven and Earth".
  34. 1 2 Algaze, Guillermo (2005) "The Uruk World System: The Dynamics of Expansion of Early Mesopotamian Civilization", (Second Edition, University of Chicago Press)
  35. ↑ Jacobsen, Thorkild (Ed) (1939),"The Sumerian King List" (Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago; Assyriological Studies, No. 11.)
  36. ↑ Jacobsen, Thorkild (1939) "Sumerian King List" (Univ of Chicago)
  37. ↑ George, Andrew (Translator)(2003), "The Epic of Gilgamesh" (Penguin Classics)
  38. ↑ Roux, Georges (1993), "Ancient Iraq" (Penguin)
  39. ↑ Roux, Georges "Ancient Iraq" (Penguin Harmondsworth)
  40. ↑ Toward the Image of Tammuz and Other Essays on Mesopotamian History and Culture by T. Jacobsen
  41. ↑ Thompson, William R.; Hay, ID (2004). “Complexity, Diminishing Marginal Returns and Serial Mesopotamian Fragmentation” (PDF). Journal of World Systems Research 10 (3): 612–652. PMID 15517490. doi:10.1007/s00268-004-7605-z. 
  42. ↑ Kramer, Samuel Noah (1963). The Sumerians: Their History, Culture, and Character. The Univ. of Chicago Press. ISBN 0-226-45238-7. 
  43. ↑ “The Firmament and the Water Above” (PDF). Westminster Theological Journal 53 (1991), 232-233. Truy cập ngày 20 tháng 2 năm 2010. 
  44. ↑ Gods, Demons, and Symbols of Ancient Mesopotamia. Google Books. Truy cập ngày 29 tháng 3 năm 2012. 
  45. ↑ Leick, Gwendolyn (2003), Mesopotamia: The Invention of the City' (Penguin)
  46. ↑ Crawford, Harriet (1993), "Sumer and the Sumerians" (Cambridge University Press, (New York 1993)), ISBN 0-521-38850-3.
  47. 1 2 Sayce, Rev. A. H. (1908). The Archaeology of the Cuneiform Inscriptions (ấn bản 2). London, Brighton, New York: Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge. tr. 98–100.  Bảo trì CS1: Văn bản dư (link)
  48. ↑ Gately, Iain (2008). Drink: A Cultural History of Alcohol. Gotham Books. tr. 5. ISBN 978-1-59240-303-5. 
  49. ↑ Mackenzie, Donald Alexander (1927). Footprints of Early Man. Blackie & Son Limited. 
  50. ↑ Adams, R. McC. (1981). Heartland of Cities. University of Chicago Press. 
  51. ↑ “Bản sao đã lưu trữ” (PDF). Bản gốc (PDF) lưu trữ ngày 2 tháng 6 năm 2010. Truy cập ngày 8 tháng 11 năm 2013. 
  52. ↑ Tannahill, Reay (1968). The fine art of food. Folio Society. [cần số trang]
  53. ↑ By the sweat of thy brow: Work in the Western world, Melvin Kranzberg, Joseph Gies, Putnam, 1975
  54. ↑ Diplomacy by design: Luxury arts and an "international style" in the ancient Near East, 1400-1200 BCE, Marian H. Feldman, University of Chicago Press, 2006, pp. 120-121
  55. ↑ British Museum notice: "Gold and carnelians beads. The two beads etched with patterns in white were probably imported from the Indus Valley. They were made by a technique developed by the Harappan civilization" Photograph of the necklace in question
  56. ↑ Reade, Julian E. (2008). The Indus-Mesopotamia relationship reconsidered (Gs Elisabeth During Caspers). Archaeopress. tr. 12–14. ISBN 978-1-4073-0312-3. 
  57. ↑ Reade, Julian E. (2008). The Indus-Mesopotamia relationship reconsidered (Gs Elisabeth During Caspers). Archaeopress. tr. 14–17. ISBN 978-1-4073-0312-3. 
  58. ↑ Gensheimer, T. R. (1984). The Role of shell in Mesopotamia: evidence for trade exchange with Oman and the Indus Valley. tr. 71–72. 
  59. 1 2 3 4 McIntosh, Jane (2008). The Ancient Indus Valley: New Perspectives. ABC-CLIO. tr. 182–190. ISBN 9781576079072. 
  60. ↑ For the etching technique, see MacKay, Ernest (1925). “Sumerian Connexions with Ancient India”. The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland (4): 699. JSTOR 25220818. 
  61. ↑ British Museum notice: "Gold and carnelians beads. The two beads etched with patterns in white were probably imported from the Indus Valley. They were made by a technique developed by the Harappan civilization" Photograph of the necklace in question
  62. ↑ Guimet, Musée (2016). Les Cités oubliées de l'Indus: Archéologie du Pakistan (bằng tiếng Pháp). FeniXX réédition numérique. tr. 355. ISBN 9782402052467. 
  63. ↑ Demand, Nancy H. (2011). The Mediterranean Context of Early Greek History. John Wiley & Sons. tr. 71–72. ISBN 9781444342345. 
  64. ↑ Rowlands, Michael J. (1987). Centre and Periphery in the Ancient World. Cambridge University Press. tr. 37. ISBN 9780521251037. 
  65. ↑ For a full list of discoveries of Indus seals in Mesopotamia, see Reade, Julian (2013). Indian Ocean In Antiquity. Routledge. tr. 148–152. ISBN 9781136155314. 
  66. ↑ For another list of Mesopotamian finds of Indus seals: Possehl, Gregory L. (2002). The Indus Civilization: A Contemporary Perspective. Rowman Altamira. tr. 221. ISBN 9780759101722. 
  67. ↑ “Indus stamp-seal found in Ur BM 122187”. British Museum. “Indus stamp-seal discovered in Ur BM 123208”. British Museum. “Indus stamp-seal discovered in Ur BM 120228”. British Museum. 
  68. ↑ Gadd, G. J. (1958). Seals of Ancient Indian style found at Ur. 
  69. ↑ Podany, Amanda H. (2012). Brotherhood of Kings: How International Relations Shaped the Ancient Near East. Oxford University Press. tr. 49. ISBN 978-0-19-971829-0. 
  70. ↑ Joan Aruz; Ronald Wallenfels (2003). Art of the First Cities: The Third Millennium B.C. from the Mediterranean to the Indus. tr. 246. ISBN 978-1-58839-043-1. Square-shaped Indus seals of fired steatite have been found at a few sites in Mesopotamia. 
  71. ↑ Cotterell, Arthur (2011). Asia: A Concise History. John Wiley & Sons. tr. 42. ISBN 9780470829592. 
  72. 1 2 3 4 5 Hudson, Michael (1998). Michael Hudson and Marc Van De Mieroop, biên tập. Debt and Economic Renewal in the Ancient Near East. Bethesda, Maryland: CDL. tr. 23–35. ISBN 978-1-883053-71-0. 
  73. ↑ B. Lafont dans Sumer & 1999-2002, col. 157-159.
  74. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Wilcke 2003.
  75. 1 2 Postgate 1992; B. Lafont dans Sumer & 1999-2002, col. 157-160; F. Joannès, « Roi », dans Joannès (dir.) 2001; Charvát 2007.
  76. ↑ Ur 2012 souligne d'ailleurs qu'on ne peut pas considérer qu'il y avait une « bureaucratie » à proprement parler à cette période.
  77. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Lafont & Westbrook 2003.
  78. ↑ A. Mc Mahon (2012), Blackwell companions to the ancient world, Tập 2, tr. 666-667, Wiley-Blackwell, ISBN 978-1-4443-6076-9.
  79. ↑ Sur le concept (d'inspiration webérienne) de maisonnée appliqué plus largement au Proche-Orient ancien, voir J. D. Schloen (2001). The House of the Father as Fact and Symbol: Patrimonialism in Ugarit and the Ancient Near East (bằng tiếng Anh). Winona Lake. tr. 262-267. .
  80. ↑ Ur 2012.
  81. ↑ B. Lafont dans Sumer & 1999-2002, col. 178 et 183-187.
  82. ↑ Postgate 1992.
  83. ↑ F. Joannès, « Administration des temples », dans Joannès (dir.) 2001.
  84. ↑ Selon les propositions de A. Deimel (1931). Sumerische Tempelwirtschaft zur Zeit Urukaginas und seiner Vorgänger (bằng tiếng Đức). Rome. .
  85. ↑ B. Lafont dans Sumer & 1999-2002, col. 160-162.
  86. ↑ B. Lafont dans Sumer & 1999-2002, col. 193-196.
  87. ↑ F. Joannès, « Hiérarchie sociale », dans Joannès (dir.) 2001.
  88. 1 2 Charvát 2007.
  89. 1 2 B. Lafont dans Sumer & 1999-2002, col. 187-193.
  90. ↑ Groupe peu étudié; cf. par exemple le cas d'Ur-Sîn à Nippur durant la période d'Ur III: (tiếng Anh) R. L. Zettler, « Nippur under the Third Dynasty of Ur: Area TB », dans Aula Orientalis 9, 1991, p. 251-281.
  91. ↑ B. Lafont dans Sumer & 1999-2002, col. 192-193.
  92. ↑ J.-L. Huot; J.-P. Thalmann; D. Valbelle (1990). La naissance des cités. Paris.  est une synthèse utile sur les débuts de l'urbanisation.
  93. ↑ Suivant l'étude de R. McC. Adams (1981). Heartland of Cities, Surveys of Ancient Settlement and Land Use on the Central Floodplain of the Euphrates (bằng tiếng Anh). Chicago. tr. 82-94 (notes) et tableaux 12 et 13. .
  94. ↑ Ur 2012; (tiếng Anh) Id., « Patterns of Settlement in Sumer and Akkad », dans Crawford (dir.) 2013.
  95. 1 2 Crawford 2004.
  96. ↑ Bản mẫu:Chapitre; Crawford 2004.
  97. ↑ (tiếng Anh) E. C. Stone, « The organisation of a sumerian town: The physical remains of ancient social systems », dans Crawford (dir.) 2013.
  98. 1 2 3 4 5 Huot 2004; Crawford 2004; (tiếng Anh) P. Collins, « Archaeology of the Sumerian home: Reconstructing Sumerian daily life », dans Crawford (dir.) 2013.
  99. ↑ B. Lafont (16 avril 2013). “Women economic activities at home and outside home during the [[:Bản mẫu:Nobr rom]] period”. REFEMA (bằng tiếng Anh). Truy cập 13 octobre 2013.  Kiểm tra giá trị ngày tháng trong: |date=, |accessdate= (trợ giúp); Tựa đề URL chứa liên kết wiki (trợ giúp).
  100. ↑ M. Van De Mieroop (1999). Cuneiform Texts and the Writing of History (bằng tiếng Anh). Londres et New York. tr. 141-142, 153-158. .
  101. ↑ (tiếng Anh) K. I. Wright, « Women and the Emergence of Urban Society in Mesopotamia », dans S. Hamilton, R. Whitehouse et K. I. Wright (dir.), Archaeology and Women: Ancient and Modern Issues, Walnut Creek, 2007, p. 199-245
  102. ↑ M. J. Geller dans Sumer & 1999-2002, col. 275-276.
  103. ↑ On trouvera plusieurs textes liés à ce thème dans Black et al. 2004.
  104. 1 2 3 Deutscher, Guy (2007). Syntactic Change in Akkadian: The Evolution of Sentential Complementation. Oxford University Press US. tr. 20–21. ISBN 978-0-19-953222-3. 
  105. ↑ Woods C. 2006 "Bilingualism, Scribal Learning, and the Death of Sumerian". In S.L. Sanders (ed) Margins of Writing, Origins of Culture: 91-120 Chicago
  106. ↑ Campbell, Lyle; Mauricio J. Mixco (2007). A glossary of historical linguistics. Edinburgh University Press. tr. 196. ISBN 978-0-7486-2379-2.  Chú thích sử dụng tham số |coauthors= bị phản đối (trợ giúp)
  107. ↑ Roux, Georges (1992), "Ancient Iraq" (Penguin)
  108. ↑ Winter, Irene J. (1985). "After the Battle is Over: The 'Stele of the Vultures' and the Beginning of Historical Narrative in the Art of the Ancient Near East". In Kessler, Herbert L.; Simpson, Marianna Shreve. Pictorial Narrative in Antiquity and the Middle Ages. Center for Advanced Study in the Visual Arts, Symposium Series IV 16. Washington, DC: National Gallery of Art. pp. 11–32. ISSN 0091-7338
  109. ↑ Duncan J. Melville (2003). Third Millennium Chronology, Third Millennium Mathematics. St. Lawrence University.
  110. ↑ Ifrah 2001:11
  111. ↑ Anderson, Marlow; Wilson, Robin J. (ngày 14 tháng 10 năm 2004). Sherlock Holmes in Babylon: and other tales of mathematical history. Google Books. Truy cập ngày 29 tháng 3 năm 2012. 
  112. ↑ Gary Thompson. “History of Constellation and Star Names”. Members.optusnet.com.au. Truy cập ngày 29 tháng 3 năm 2012. [nguồn không đáng tin]
  113. ↑ “Sumerian Questions and Answers”. Sumerian.org. Truy cập ngày 29 tháng 3 năm 2012. 

    Tài liệu tham khảo

    WikiPedia: Sumer http://members.optusnet.com.au/~gtosiris/page11-4.... http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/573176/S... http://books.google.com/?id=dWuQ70MtnIQC&pg=PA51&d... http://books.google.com/?id=i7_hcCxJd9AC&pg=PA147&... http://books.google.com/?id=tupSM5y9yEkC&pg=PA139&... http://books.google.com/?id=zmvNogJO2ZgC&pg=PA505&... http://books.google.com/books?id=BKRE5AjRM3AC&prin... http://books.google.com/books?id=lbmXsaTGNKUC&pg=P... http://books.google.com/books?id=pr8-i1iFnIQC&prin... http://ancientneareast.tripod.com/Sumer.html